Aldehyde, Ketone Tests and Preparation of Derivatives

Aldehyde, Ketone Tests and Preparation of Derivatives Results: I. Aldehyde and ketone testes and preparation of derivatives 2,4 DINIROPHENYL HYDRAZINE Observations 2-butanone Solid orange precipitate at bottom Benzaldehyde mp of derivative:217-220 °C dark yellow precipitate forms. BISULFITE ADDITION TEST Acetophenone Cloudy ,off-white solution (no reaction) 2-butanone Clear solution and no colour change(no reaction) Benzaldehyde White precipitation forming after few minutes from clear solution. It appears like white solid crystals. Trans-cinnamaldehyde Thick white yellow particles floating (precipitate) on top and clear solution at bottom. IODOFORM TEST Acetophenone Solution turned to yellow, yellow precipitate form n-butyraldehyde Forms 2 layers: top layer creamy and bottom layer lime yellow(no reaction) 2,4-pentanedione 3 layers: top layer lime yellow, middle layer foggy and bottom layer orange-yellow precipitate. OXIDATION OF ALDENHYDES 2-butanone Orange red colour precipitate turns to green after long time. Takes long time to react. n-butyraldehyde Bottom greenish brown colour precipitate and top layer brown. Precipitate after 1 minute Benzaldehyde Dark greenish brown precipitate and liquid is greenish colour forms immediately after adding CrO3. II. Alcohol tests and preparation of derivatives SODIUM TEST Observations 1-butanol Litmus test pH of 9-10 is observed forms dark blue colour. Bubbles forms after adding sodium in solution. 2 layers are seen which are clear after adding ether. LUCAS TEST 1-butanol 2 layers: top layer light orange and bottom layer clear solution 2-pentanol (sec-amyl alcohol) 2 layers: top layer light clear and bottom is off-white. Observed after 3 minute. 1-propanol Clear solution. Observed after 2 minutes. t-butyl alcohol(2-methyl-2-propanol) Reaction occurs as soon as reagent is added.3 layers: top clear, middle layer off-white and bottom off-white. Observed in 2 seconds. URETHANE DERIVATIVE 1-heptanol Mp: 25-30  °C white crystals forms after cooling, white precipitate III. Solubility tests Solubility In Water Solubility in Cyclohexane methanol Soluble Insoluble Ethanol Soluble Soluble Diethyl ether Insoluble Soluble Cyclohexanol Insoluble Soluble Acetone Soluble Soluble 2-butanone (ethyl-methyl ketone) Insoluble Soluble Cyclohexanone Insoluble Soluble Introduction: Identifying and classifying of the unknown molecules is significant part of organic chemistry. The purpose of this lab is to identify functional groups which are present in alcohol, ether, aldehyde and ketone. This lab helps in gaining knowledge about chemical and physical properties of all this four structures. Distinguish them using function group and solubility tests. In this experiment several test such as physical properties including melting point and index of refraction with literature values to compare. Furthermore, identification can be acquired by crystalline derivative and comparing its derivative melting point with original to find the original carbonyl functional group present. Lucas test is used for determining if alcohol is primary, secondary or tertiary. This depends on the substitution reactions in the presence of acid but, the rate at which it reacts depends on the structure of alcohol. Aldehyde and ketone reacts with 2, 4-dinitrophenylhydrazine to form yellow-orang e precipitate but, does not react with alcohol. In addition, iodoform test use to recognize methyl ketone by forming precipitation. In this experiment it is necessary to give all attention to what reaction is being form so that accurate results can be obtained. Discussion: 2, 4-dinitrophenylhydrazine reagent helps to identify carbonyl groups associated with ketone and aldehyde. When this reagent is added solid yellow-orange precipitate is observed in benzaldehyde and 2-butanone which indicated positive test. Derivatives of this can also, be use to identify the compound. In the experiment benzaldehyde melting point is 217-220 °C but, original is 237  °C which is close enough (Caroly and David(1999)). This can be due to error caused by taking too much of benzaldehyde to measure its melting point or some impurities in crystals. This test is also called bradys test. + 2, 4-dinitrophenylhydrazine à   2, 4-dinitrophenylhydrazone (precipitate) + 2, 4-dinitrophenylhydrazine à   2, 4-dinitrophenylhydrazone (precipitate) benzaldehyde Nitrogen gets attach to carbonyl group after reagent is added therefore, dehydration in reaction results. 2, 4-dinitrophenylhydrazine does not react with alcohol therefore, it is good reagent for carbonyl group. Sodium bisulfite addition test is only positive with aldehydes and methyl ketones. This reaction does not occur with stearically hindered ketones but, it is best indication for aldehyde. In this experiment no reaction occurred in acetophenone and 2-butonone when bisulfite is added to it. This test is positive when white precipitate is formed which is observed when it is added in benzaldehyde and trans-cinnamaldehyde. + NaHSO3 (sodium bisulfite) à   white precipitate Benzaldehyde Iodoform test is use to distinguish ketones from methyl ketones, when the test is positive it forms iodoform as yellow precipitate. Acetaldehyde and alcohols with hydroxyl group at its second place can also give positive and alcohol can oxidize to methyl ketone with iodoform reaction as I2 is oxidizing agent. It is observed that acetophenone and 2,4-pentanedione both reacts as it form yellow precipitate whereas, n-butyraldehyde did not. As, n-butyraldehyde did not contain methyl group it did not react. On the other hand, acetophenone and 2, 4-pentanedione contains methyl group which helps replace a hydrogen atom next to carbonyl group with iodine further, cleaves the iodinated compound to iodoform and carboxylic acid (yellow precipitation).This classifies them as methyl ketones. NaOH and I2 -à   + iodoform 2, 4-pentanedione Oxidation of aldehyde both n-butyraldehyde and benzaldehyde reacts and gives greenish precipitation when reacts with chromic reagent. Therefore, positive sign is it gives greenish bluish precipitate which represents that oxidation or reduction has occurred. Aldehydes are oxidized easily due to chromic acid and forms carboxylic acid whereas, ketones. Chromate reagent replaces hydrogen atom and adds oxygen resulting carboxylic acid.2- butanone is not able to react because it is ketone and it lacks hydrogen atom next to carbonyl group. C3H7CHO(n-butyraldehyde ) + CrO3(chromic acid) à   n-butyric acid (benzaldehyde) + CrO3 (chromic acid)à   Benzoic acid When sodium is reacted with 1-butanol hydrogen gas is release because alcohols are weakly acidic so went they react with alkali metal gas is produce. So, when tested with litmus paper solution found to be basic. (l) +Na(s) à   CH3(CH2)3ONa(l) + H-H(g) In lucas test t-butyl alcohol reacted immediately with lucas reagent (HCl and ZnCl2) because it is tertiary alcohol. It forms stable carbocation and forms chlorinated alkane after attracting negative chlorine. Positive test indicates when turbidity due to formation of insoluble alkyl chloride is mark.1- propanol and 1- butanol does not react with lucas reagent but, 2-pentanol reacts very slowly and reaction is observed after long time. So, lucas test helps determine rate and which is tertiary or secondary alcohol. (CH3)3C-OH + ZnCl2/HCl à   H2O + (CH3)3C-Cl Urethane derivative reacts with 1-heptanol which results in phenyl urethane as white precipitate. Phenyl isocynate reacts with alcohol. + à   N-phenyl urethane derivative Melting point of this is 25-30  °C but original is 60 °C (Caroly and David(1999)) there is a lot of difference; this can be due to error performed during experiment. Solubility test concludes that alcohol with less than six carbons are soluble in water, rest of them due to increasing number of carbon it is insoluble in water. In this experiment almost all results were equivalent to expect results. Questions: 1) a. Certain are like hydroquinone, whose tautomer is ketone and it is oxidizable. Uncertain is if there are other things attach to this molecules may be these tests were not able to detect it example cyano or nitro groups. b. Catechol c. IR will identify all other functional groups which were unable to detect by qualitative tests. NMR will give information about isomers example between hydroquinone and catechol. 2) Chromic acid forms a chromate ester that will decompose to carnonyl compound and chromium in a lower oxidation state. C4H9CH(CH3)OH + HO- -> C4H9CH(CH3)O- + H2O C4H9CH(CH3)O- + I-I -> C4H9CH(CH3)OI + I- C4H9CH(CH3)OI + HO- -> C4H9C(CH3)=O + I- + H2O Reference: Carolyn Oconnell and David Dollimore.1999.Determination of melting point using derivative. Instrumentation science and technology. Volume 27 Issue 1. pp.13-21 Experiment 7 Identifying and classifying organic functional groups: alcohols, ethers, aldehyde and ketones

Health and Safety Policy Essay

General statement of policy This policy is to provide and maintain safe and healthy working conditions and equipment for all our employees, and a safe environment for all children to learn and develop in. We wish to develop and promote a strong health and safety provision within the nursery for the benefit of all staff, children, parents and visitors. The policy will be kept up to date, particularly as the business changes in nature and size, and will be revised annually, or as and when necessary. Aims and objectives The aim of this policy statement is to ensure that all reasonably practical steps are taken to ensure the health, safety and welfare of all persons using the premises. To achieve this we agree to comply with the following objectives: †¢ Establish and maintain a safe and healthy environment throughout the nursery. †¢ Establish and maintain safe working procedures amongst staff and children †¢ Ensure information, instruction and supervision is provided for all employees where necessary. †¢ Ensure the safe handling and use of substances. †¢ Ensure all employees are competent to do their role and to provide adequate training where needed. †¢ Maintain a healthy and safe place of work and safe entry and exit from it. †¢ An effective policy and procedure is in place covering fire and other emergencies and for evacuating the nursery premises. The evacuation procedure is practiced on a regular basis. †¢ Follow the regulations of the Health & Safety at Work Act 1974 and any other relevant legislation. †¢ Maintain a safe working environment for pregnant workers with appropriate risk assessments undertaken where necessary. We believe the nursery as a whole is a low risk but to maintain the maximum protection for children, staff, parents/carers and visitors we comply with the following: †¢ Ensure the entrances and exits from the building, including fire exits remain clear at all times. †¢ Regularly checks are carried out on the premises and the individual rooms any faults or defects are reported to management as soon as possible. †¢ Ensure all staff are aware of the fire procedures and they participate in regular fire drills. †¢ Ensure that all members of staff are aware of the procedures in case of accidents. †¢ Protective gloves and clothes are worn when appropriate by all staff to control and prevent the spread of infectious diseases. †¢ The nursery has a strict no smoking policy in place. †¢ Any contractor working on the premises must seek permission from the owner prior to commencement of work. †¢ No inappropriate jewellery to be worn. One pair of stud earrings and wedding/engagement rings are acceptable. †¢ Dress code is smart black trousers no jeans, linen trousers or combat trousers and practical with sensible black shoes/small heeled boots and all hair must be tied back at all times. †¢ No running inside the premises. †¢ All electrical sockets are protected by safety plugs. †¢ All cleaning materials/toilet cleaner are out of reach of children and are kept in cupboards off the ground in the utility room. †¢ Appropriate clothing is worn when working in the kitchen. †¢ Peanuts and any other foods that can cause an allergic reactions are not allowed in the nursery †¢ Telephone calls must be received before 7am if a member of staff is not well enough to attend work. This must be to a senior member of staff, Owner, Manager, Deputy Manager or Assistant Manager. †¢ All staff know where the First Aid box is and know who the appointed First Aider is †¢ Children are supervised at all times by qualified staff  Ã¢â‚¬ ¢ Student are not left unsupervised at any time.

Dance Appreciation

Introduction Sergei Pavlovich Diaghilev commonly known as Serge outside Russia, was a Russian promoter, ballet impresario and art critic. He was the founder and patron of the Ballets Russes, which is credited with producing many famous dancers and choreographers. Sergei is remembered all over the world as one of the greatest ballet personalities that have ever lived. He was born on March 31, 1872 in Russia in an affluent family with a history in music. He initially studied law at the University of St.Petersburg but would later take singing lessons. However, he never was a big success as a singer as his voice was unpleasant. Though he neither composed nor choreographed, he was extremely able to pick those who had the talent. He died on August 19, 1929 having left an indelible imprint in the world of music and dance. Contributions Sergei cofounded and edited the World of Art, an art magazine, which became extremely popular to the lovers of art in his day.He also edited the Annals of th e Imperial Theatre and transformed it, taking it a notch higher in terms of graphic design and typography though he is criticized for overrunning his budget. However, these two magazines remained very popular in the world of art during his tenure as the editor. His greatest brainchild, Ballets Russes, became instrumental in popularizing ballet throughout Europe. It is through this group’s productions that ballet became a fundamentals part of the European culture.Apart from popularizing the dance, the group brought into recognition some of the greatest choreographers the world has ever seen- Fokine, Nijinsky, Massine, Nijinska, and Balanchine. The composer Stravinsky was also virtually unknown and has Sergei to thank for making his genius known to the world. Conclusion Though Sergei was equally successful in collecting and exhibiting art and his ability to recognize talent in a painter was no less than in recognizing a talent in ballet, his greatest achievements will no doubt remain in revolutionizing ballet.His eye for detail and success in recognize talent will make him remain immortalized through the compositions of the Ballet Russes. The group’s effect is still felt today with former members such as George Balanchine causing ripples in the United States and Serge Lifar being as effective in Paris. Source Citation â€Å"Sergei Diaghilev. † Gay & Lesbian Biography. Ed. Michael J. Tyrkus and Michael Bronski. Detroit: St. James Press, 1997. Biography In Context. Web. 20 Feb. 2013.

Harriot Stanton Blatch Feminist and Famous Daughter